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In-Text Citations: The Basics

Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Transmission (i.e., APA seven), which released in Oct 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 way can be plant here.

Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some full general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.

Note: On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should employ the past tense or present perfect tense for bespeak phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998)found or Jones (1998)has found...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the unproblematic nowadays tense (for example, Jones (1998)finds).

APA Citation Basics

When using APA format, follow the writer-date method of in-text commendation. This means that the author'south last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for instance, (Jones, 1998). 1 consummate reference for each source should appear in the reference listing at the end of the paper.

If you are referring to an idea from some other piece of work butNot direct quoting the fabric, or making reference to an entire volume, article or other work, you lot merely accept to brand reference to the author and year of publication and not the folio number in your in-text reference.

On the other hand, if you are straight quoting or borrowing from another piece of work, you should include the folio number at the end of the parenthetical citation. Use the abbreviation "p." (for 1 page) or "pp." (for multiple pages) before listing the page number(s). Use an en nuance for page ranges. For instance, y'all might write (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201). This information is reiterated below.

Regardless of how they are referenced, all sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining

• Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones.
• If you lot refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are 4 messages long or greater within the title of a source:Permanence and Change. Exceptions utilise to brusque words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs:Writing New Media,At that place Is Cypher Left to Lose.

(Annotation: in your References listing, only the first word of a title will exist capitalized:Writing new media.)

• When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated chemical compound discussion:Natural-Born Cyborgs.
• Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Picture show Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock'sVertigo."
• If the title of the work is italicized in your reference list, italicize information technology and employ championship instance capitalization in the text:The Closing of the American Listen;The Wizard of Oz;Friends.
• If the title of the work is not italicized in your reference list, utilise double quotation marks and title case capitalization (even though the reference list uses judgement example): "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Brusk quotations

If yous are directly quoting from a work, y'all will demand to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p." for a single page and "pp." for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated past an en dash).

You tin can introduce the quotation with a bespeak phrase that includes the author's concluding name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "students often had difficulty using APA style, particularly when it was their beginning time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

If you do not include the writer'south name in the text of the sentence, place the author's final name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), only she did non offering an explanation as to why.

Long quotations

Identify directly quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-continuing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Showtime the quotation on a new line, indented i/2 inch from the left margin, i.due east., in the aforementioned place you would begin a new paragraph. Blazon the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the commencement line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/two inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout, only do not add an extra blank line earlier or afterwards it. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.

Because block quotation formatting is difficult for us to replicate in the OWL's content management system, we take only provided a screenshot of a generic case below.

Formatting case for block quotations in APA 7 style.

Quotations from sources without pages

Direct quotations from sources that do not contain pages should not reference a page number. Instead, you may reference another logical identifying element: a paragraph, a chapter number, a section number, a table number, or something else. Older works (like religious texts) tin can besides incorporate special location identifiers like poetry numbers. In brusque: option a substitute for page numbers that makes sense for your source.

Jones (1998) found a diverseness of causes for student dissatisfaction with prevailing citation practices (paras. iv–v).

A meta-analysis of bachelor literature (Jones, 1998) revealed inconsistency beyond big-calibration studies of educatee learning (Table 3).

Summary or paraphrase

If yous are paraphrasing an idea from some other work, you but have to make reference to the writer and twelvemonth of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, practice encourage including a page range for a summary or paraphrase when it will help the reader find the information in a longer piece of work.

Co-ordinate to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.

APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

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Source: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html

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